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The Iranian revolution of at a stroke dispossessed BP of much of its oil production. The company was forced to turn to the spot market that it had long disdained to buy the oil its refineries needed. Soon BP was doing much more than just buying oil for its own refineries.


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Andy Hall, then a young graduate working in its scheduling department in New York, would go on to be one of the most successful oil traders in history after leaving BP. He recalls that he started buying any oil that looked cheap, whether BP needed it or not, figuring to resell it at a profit. The oil price slump of the late s set the stage for what the three large trading businesses would become as a wave of consolidation swept through the oil industry.

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The same happened when Chevron took over Texaco. The Americans were pretty much out of the trading business. Meanwhile, BP bought Amoco, which had a large trading unit, expanding its reach. Shell, too, reorganized and centralized its trading unit. By the time the wave of consolidation was over in , the European trio emerged as the kings of oil trading.

Their timing was exquisite: Commodity trading was about to enjoy an enormous boom as skyrocketing Chinese demand spurred a decade-long supercycle in prices. Rows of desks sprouting vast arrays of flashing multicolored screens stretch out almost as far as the eye can see.

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In Chicago its traders occupy the historic floor of the former Chicago Mercantile Exchange building. All in all, BP, Shell, and Total employ about 8, people in their trading divisions, a small fraction of their overall workforce of , The traders have more in common with the investment bankers across the road than they do with their colleagues sweating on oil rigs in Nigeria or mapping fields off the coast of Brazil. You see that moving up, hopefully, on a daily basis, and it just makes you want to do more. The Q Book algorithm traded dozens of commodity futures including gold and corn, according to people with knowledge of it.

And while BP shut down the Q Book a few years ago, it still has a unit that resembles an in-house hedge fund: The so-called Alpha One Book, run by Tim Hayes, aims to make money betting on financial commodity markets. At Shell and Total, there are similar groups. Even so, big speculative wagers on the direction of the price of oil, like the one BP took in , are rare.

The day-to-day job of the traders is a little like the role of the scheduling department of bygone eras, but with a healthy dose of entrepreneurial spirit thrown in. Their role gives them a huge position in the markets and opens up all kinds of opportunities to maximize profits.

They decided to bet that demand for jet fuel would collapse. But Shell was well poised. It owns the Pernis refinery in Rotterdam—the largest in Europe, each day pumping out enough gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel to keep half of the cars, trucks, and planes in the Netherlands moving.

If the price went up, Shell stood to lose millions. That is actually optimizing market positions that we know better than anybody how to take advantage of. For their skills, traders are highly paid. For years their remuneration packages were a closely guarded secret.

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Then in a BP trader sued the company in the U. The legal fight that followed exposed the riches of Big Oil trading. The legal battle revealed that others at BP did even better. The company said other traders took higher bonuses not only because their desks made more money, but also because speculative traders were generally better paid. Since then, bonuses have only gone up.

Every year at BP a list goes to the board for approval. It contains the names of the dozen or so traders whose bonuses are higher than those of the CEO, according to two people familiar with the process. At the top of the list typically sits the lead trader of the Cushing Book—the one responsible for buying and selling oil at the Oklahoma town that serves as the delivery point for the West Texas Intermediate benchmark.

Shell, as Bloomberg News has reported, has in the past made bold trades that, while not illegal, have violated the unspoken rules governing this lightly regulated market. At times, Big Oil traders have broken the rules outright. At the time the fine was one of largest ever for alleged market manipulation in commodities. Earlier, U. Still, constrained by the sheer size and high public profiles of the companies they work for, BP, Shell, and Total traders are nowhere near as swashbuckling as their counterparts at independent houses, who, history has shown, have been more willing to make a foray into countries where corruption is rife and where buying oil sometimes involves suitcases full of cash.

That means the oil giants have left many of the juiciest deals to the independents.

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Are we prepared to take the risk associated with that? Definitely no. I can give you a list of countries, but you know where they are. When, after the financial crisis, the U. The Dodd-Frank Act on financial reforms required all major players in the swaps market to register themselves.

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As Wall Street banks scaled back their presence in commodities in the post-crisis world, Big Oil stepped in. Shell, for example, in became the first nonbank to move in on what commodity traders at Wall Street banks see as their largest annual deal: helping the Mexican government hedge its exposure to the price of oil. As BP shifts its investments from fossil fuels to renewable energy, its traders will help it juice the relatively low returns on those investments, Bernard Looney, who last year succeeded Dudley as CEO, said in a presentation to investors in As steeped as BP may seem to be in the rigs and offshore platforms and snaking pipelines of yesteryear, Looney painted an energy future that encompasses electric cars, hydrogen, and biofuels.

Japan's Nomura and Credit Suisse of Switzerland warned of major losses from lending to Archegos for equity derivatives trades, triggering a worldwide sell-off in banking stocks. Should you purchase a car with bitcoin and then need a refund, the manufacturer has some special terms and conditions.

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Losses at Archegos Capital Management, run by former Tiger Asia manager Bill Hwang, had triggered a fire sale of stocks on Friday, a source familiar with the matter said. A phone message left for Archegos at its New York offices on Monday morning was not immediately returned. Top news and what to watch in the markets on Monday, March 29, The trades were linked to sales of holdings by Archegos Capital Management, a person with knowledge of the matter told Reuters.

Ceramics, make-up and furniture could be hit amid a row over a new UK tax on tech firms. When CSG opted to shift its regional headquarters this year from Dubai to Riyadh, it marked an early win for Saudi Arabia and proved a surprisingly easy move for the U. CSG is among several foreign companies that agreed earlier this year to set up regional offices in Saudi Arabia rather than overseeing operations remotely from Dubai, the buzzing commercial hub in neighbouring United Arab Emirates.

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